Plastic rearrangement of basal forebrain parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the kainite model of epilepsy.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most prevalent form of epilepsy, through the neuronal mechanisms of this syndrome remain elusive. In addition to the temporal lobe structures, it was found that the basal forebrain cholinergic cells are also involved in epileptogenesis. However, little is known about the involvement of the basal forebrain GABAergic neurons in epilepsy; despite this, they largely project to the temporal lobe and are crucial for the regulation of the hippocampal circuitry. In this study, we assessed epilepsy-induced changes in parvalbumin (PARV) immunoreactive neurons of the medial septum (MS) and of the magnocellular preoptic nucleus (MCPO) using the kainic acid (KA) model in rats. In addition, we estimated the respective changes in the cholinergic varicosities in the MS, where we observed a significant reduction in the PARV cell number (12849 ± 2715 vs. 9372 ± 1336, p = .029) and density (16.2 ± 2.62 vs. 10.5 ± 1.00 per .001 mm3, p =.001), and an increase in the density of cholinergic varicosities (47.9 ± 11.1 vs. 69.4 ± 17.8 per 30,000 µm2, p =.036) in KA-treated animals. In the MCPO, these animals showed a significant increase in somatic volume (827.9 ± 235.2 µm3 vs. 469.9 ± 79.6 µm3, p = .012) and total cell number (2268.6 ± 707.1 vs. 1362.4 ± 262.0, p =.028). These results show that the basal forebrain GABAergic cell populations undergo numerical and morphological changes in epileptic animals, which may contribute to an increased vulnerability of brain circuits to epilepsy and epilepsy-related functional impairments.

Mycobacterium szulgai: A Rare Cause of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Disseminated Infection.

Mycobacterium szulgai (MS) is a rare and slow-growing type of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), with a human isolation prevalence of less than 0.2% of all NTM cases. MS may cause pulmonary infection, extra-pulmonary localized disease involving the skin, lymph nodes, bone, synovial tissue or kidneys and disseminated infection, when two or more organs are affected. When disseminated infection is present, the patients usually have an underlying immunosuppressive condition. The authors report the case of a 25-year-old patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, presenting with recurrent fever, non-productive coughing, weight loss and asthenia, as well as two violaceous plaques with superficial ulceration in the gluteal region. MS was isolated from the bronchial lavage and skin biopsy cultures, confirming the rare disseminated form of MS infection. After 10 months of follow-up on isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide, no signs of relapse were evident. To date, only 16 other cases of MS disseminated disease have been reported.

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis-Like Lupus Erythematous Presentation Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs. Infectious agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE. The emergent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces a pro-inflammatory cytokine storm and has been linked to autoimmune phenomena, which can lead to the onset of autoimmune diseases. We report the case of a 70-year-old patient who developed a toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)-like subacute cutaneous lupus (SCL) as a severe presentation of SLE, 1 month after SARS-CoV-2 infection. After excluding other causes of SLE, treatment was initiated with a successful outcome.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms and Q Fever: An Odd Connection to Keep in Mind.

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) secondary to Coxiella burnetii infections are rare but carry important implications. The diagnosis is difficult due to unspecific symptoms. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first AAA caused by chronic Q fever treated with an endoprosthesis.

Fatal Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in an adult due to serogroup Y Neisseria meningitidis.

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (WFS), defined as severe adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral adrenal gland haemorrhagic necrosis, occurred in a 59-year-old woman. An underlying serogroup Y Neisseria meningitidis (NM) infection was diagnosed, with a rapid progression to purpura fulminans, disseminated intravascular coagulation and WFS. Intensive treatment including fluid resuscitation, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, ventilatory support, platelet and factor replacement were administered. The meningococcaemia in the presence of WFS had a fulminant progression, leading to a fatal outcome within 24 hours of symptom onset. This case details the diagnosis and management challenges of the WFS, a rare complication of NM septicaemia, and describes the identification of a NM serogroup that is rare in Portugal in middle-aged patients.

Mycobacterium chimaera Disseminated Infection.

The incidence and prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease is increasing due to enhanced clinician awareness and improved detection methods. The species identification using molecular microbiology techniques allows a better understanding of the differences in pathogenicity and treatment response. A 57-year-old man with a history of B-cell lymphoma in remission was transferred from the hematology department due to fever of unknown origin, night sweats and asthenia. The empirical antibiotic therapy was initiated with no clinical response, and he developed a subacute pneumonia, severe anemia and hepatosplenomegaly. After positive blood, bronchoalveolar lavage and bone marrow cultures, a disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection was diagnosed, and the patient began treatment with clarithromycin, rifabutin and ethambutol. Two weeks later, a fourth antibiotic was added, amikacin at first and then linezolid, with slow but gradual improvement. Due to amikacin-related severe kidney injury and linezolid-related severe myelosuppression, the fourth antibiotic was changed to moxifloxacin, which the patient tolerated. After 6 months of therapy, the sensitivity to the regimen was confirmed and the species was identified as Mycobacterium chimaera (MC), using the molecular genetic test GenoType NTM-DR. The blood and tissue cultures were negative after 4 months of therapy, and treatment was continued for 12 months. Although the infection was being treated successfully, the patient's B-cell lymphoma relapsed after 12 months and the patient died. This is a case report of a confirmed severe and disseminated MC infection in an immunocompromised patient using a molecular genetic test, successfully treated using a four-drug regimen.

MRI biomarkers in osseous tumors.

Although radiography continues to play a critical role in osseous tumor assessment, there have been remarkable advances in cross-sectional imaging. MRI has taken a lead in this assessment due to high tissue contrast and spatial resolution, which are well suited for bone lesion assessment. More recently, although somewhat lagging other organ systems, quantitative parameters have shown promising potential as biomarkers for osseous tumors. Among these sequences are chemical shift imaging (CSI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In this article, we review the background and recent roles of these quantitative MRI biomarkers for osseous tumors. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2019. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:702-718.

Medical ontology for treatment of clinical data from children and youth.

The use of information technologies in the field of biomedical data management has grown considerably and is today one of the main fields of use of these technologies. There are several advantages arising either to an individual's health or to public health, particularly because access to clinical data become available anywhere access via the Internet or individual health card. This card will contain personal data accessible from a terminal card reader, identical to the citizen card. This work focuses on the development of an ontology of universal data structure so that the information is accessible and organized in the same way, regardless of the system that use them. In this context there is the need to incorporate security mechanisms, the respect of ethical principles underlying the management and maintenance of clinical data, ensuring maximum confidentiality. To develop the proposed ontology, for the treatment of clinical data of children and youth is used as reference bulletin health in Portugal. Using this structure, it follows the clear and unambiguous identification of the fields required for registration of clinical information, standardized in a relational model. To ensure the confidentiality of data, identification of the individual is only the number of national health system and are not recorded on the card personal data such as name, address or contact forms.

Medical ontology for treatment of clinical data from children and youth

The use of information technologies in the field of biomedical data management has grown considerably and is today one of the main fields of use of these technologies. There are several advantages arising either to an individual’s health or to public health, particularly because access to clinical data become available anywhere access via the Internet or individual health card. This card will contain personal data accessible from a terminal card reader, identical to the citizen card. This work focuses on the development of an ontology of universal data structure so that the information is accessible and organized in the same way, regardless of the system that use them. In this context there is the need to incorporate security mechanisms, the respect of ethical principles underlying the management and maintenance of clinical data, ensuring maximum confidentiality. To develop the proposed ontology, for the treatment of clinical data of children and youth is used as reference bulletin health in Portugal. Using this structure, it follows the clear and unambiguous identification of the fields required for registration of clinical information, standardized in a relational model. To ensure the confidentiality of data, identification of the individual is only the number of national health system and are not recorded on the card personal data such as name, address or contact forms (AU)

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